Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with marked cognitive impairment, including euthymic periods. Attention is among the most compromised functions in BD. Changes related to learning, memory, and visuospatial abilities can be derived from these attention impairments. The objective of this article is to review the scientific literature on the performance of BD patients in attention tests. A systematic review was performed of controlled studies that assessed attention in patients diagnosed with BD aged between 18 and 65 years. The databases included Medline, LILACS, Cochrane Library, Institute for Scientific Information Web of Knowledge, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and the search encompassed the period from 2008 to 2013. Only studies that had a minimum sample of 10 patients were included. A total of 110 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Compared with healthy control subjects, bipolar patients showed poorer attention performance. Compared with other mental disorders, BD was associated with poorer performance than unipolar depression but better performance than schizophrenia. When bipolar patients in different phases of the disease were compared with one another, the performance of euthymic patients was similar to or better than patients in a depressive state; moreover, manic patients performed worse than depressive patients. Attention is significantly impaired in BD. Attention impairment in BD is milder than in schizophrenia but greater than in unipolar depression. Attention impairment is possibly more severe in manic and depressed episodes than in euthymic periods.

O presente estudo piloto investigou o efeito terapêutico de um programa de reabilitação da memória (RM), com avaliações pré e pós-intervenção, em um grupo de idosos com queixas mnemônicas e sintomas sugestivos de depressão. A amostra foi composta por sete idosos entre 65 a 80 anos de idade, acima de sete anos de estudo formal. A RM consistiu de 24 sessões, realizadas duas vezes por semana, cada com duração de 90 minutos. Esta intervenção incluiu técnicas de aprendizagem explícita e implícita, com estratégias mnemônicas internas e externas. Comparou-se o desempenho cognitivo pré e pós-intervenção pelo Teste Wilcoxon. Houve redução nas queixas de memória e nos sintomas sugestivos de depressão, aumento da velocidade de processamento atencional e aprimoramento da memória de trabalho. Sugere-se que este estudo seja replicado em amostras maiores, em grupos com déficits objetivos de memória e depressão clinicamente diagnosticada, comparados a grupos controles.

The present pilot study investigated the therapeutic effect of a memory rehabilitation program (MR), with pre and post-intervention assessment, in a group of elderly patients with mnemonic complaints and suggestive symptoms of depression. The sample was composed of seven older adults with ages between 65 to 80 years and formal education above seven years. The MR consisted of 24 sessions, twice weekly and each with 90 minutes duration. The intervention included implicit and explicit learning techniques, with internal and external mnemonic strategies. The cognitive performance, pre and post-interventions, were compared by the Wilcoxon test. There were reductions of suggestive symptoms of depression and of memory complaints, increase of attentional processing speed and improvement of working memory. This study should be replicated in larger samples, as well as, in groups with objective memory deficits and clinically diagnosed depression, compared to control groups.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre a espessura cortical medida pela ressonância magnética em regiões frontais e o desempenho em instrumentos que avaliam funções executivas em pacientes com HIV positivo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 22 pacientes HIV-positivos, com déficits em funções executivas, sob terapia antirretroviral, idades entre 45 e 65 anos e escolaridade entre 3 e 20 anos. Foi realizada ressonância magnética com sequências convencionais, T1 3D, processado pelo Freesurfer para verificar espessura cortical. Instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas: Teste de Trilhas, Wisconsin, Hayling, Dígitos (WAIS-III), fluência verbal ortográfica e Stroop. Para análise da relação espessura versus cognição, utilizou-se coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre escores de: Wisconsin e espessura das regiões pré-central e orbitofrontal lateral à direita e pré-central esquerda; Teste de Trilhas e espessura da área pré-central direita e cíngulo anterior caudal esquerdo; e Teste Hayling e espessura da área lateral orbitofrontal esquerda. CONCLUSÃO: As correlações existentes entre medidas de espessura cortical pela ressonância magnética e desempenho cognitivo sugerem que os déficits executivos em pacientes HIV-positivos relacionam-se a uma redução da espessura cortical das regiões frontais.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between frontal regions cortical thickness measured by magnetic resonance imaging of HIV-positive patients and their performance on instruments for assessing executive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 22 HIV-positive patients in the age range from 45 to 65, schooling ranging between three and 20 years, with executive functions deficit and undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed with conventional T1-weighted, 3D sequences and the images were processed with the Freesurfer software to measure cortical thickness. The following instruments were utilized to evaluate the patients' executive functions: Trail Making, Wisconsin, Hayling, working memory (WAIS-III), verbal fluency and Stroop tests. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was utilized in the data statistical analysis. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between: Wisconsin scores and the thickness of the right pre-central, lateral and left pre-central orbitofrontal regions; Trail Making scores and thickness of right pre-central and left anterior caudal cingulate areas; and Hayling Test scores and thickness of the left lateral orbitofrontal area. CONCLUSION: Correlations between cortical thickness measurements by magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive performance suggest that the executive function deficit in HIV-positive patients are related to a reduction in the thickness of the frontal cortex.